tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37955580620295854162024-03-04T23:06:30.156-08:00Learning PHYSICS for IIT JEECOMPANION SITES:
www.iit-jee-chemistry.blogspot.com,
www.iit-jee-maths.blogspot.com.
A google search facility is available at the bottom of the page for searching any topic on these sites.KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.comBlogger375125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-38963912584110956542017-04-28T21:53:00.000-07:002017-04-30T05:46:09.106-07:00Study guide H C Verma JEE Physics Ch.4 THE FORCES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The study guides provides only the main issues covered in the chapter to provide some introduction to the chapter. Some past JEE questions are provided to link the issues in the chapter to questions.<br />
<br />
One has to read the chapter fully. Study all solved examples and solve exercise problems.<br />
<br />
The points may be used as revision points later.<br />
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<br />
<br />
No topic in JEE syllabus. But study of the chapter is necessary as there are full chapters on each of these topics later on and this introduction is essential to understand the in depth chapters.<br />
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-----------------<br />
<br />
Sections<br />
<br />
4.1 Introduction<br />
4.2 Gravitational forces<br />
4.3 Electromagnetic (EM) forces<br />
4.4 Nuclear Forces<br />
4.5 Weak forces<br />
4.6 Scope of Classical physics<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
Study Plan<br />
<br />
Day 1<br />
<br />
4.1 Introduction<br />
4.2 Gravitational forces<br />
<br />
Session important points<br />
<br />
<a href="http://iit-jee-physics.blogspot.com/2009/05/physics-study-diary-ch-4-forces-day-1.html">http://iit-jee-physics.blogspot.com/2009/05/physics-study-diary-ch-4-forces-day-1.html</a><br />
<br />
<br />
Day 2<br />
4.3 Electromagnetic (EM) forces<br />
Ex. 4.1<br />
<br />
Session - important points<br />
<a href="http://iit-jee-physics.blogspot.com/2009/05/iit-jee-physics-study-diary-ch3-forces.html">http://iit-jee-physics.blogspot.com/2009/05/iit-jee-physics-study-diary-ch3-forces.html</a><br />
<br />
Day 3<br />
<br />
4.4 Nuclear Forces<br />
4.5 Weak forces<br />
4.6 Scope of Classical physics<br />
<br />
<br />
Session important points<br />
<a href="http://iit-jee-physics.blogspot.com/2009/05/iit-jee-2011-physics-study-diary-ch4.html">http://iit-jee-physics.blogspot.com/2009/05/iit-jee-2011-physics-study-diary-ch4.html</a><br />
<br />
Day 4<br />
Chapter 4 Forces<br />
Worked out examples 1 to 3<br />
Exercises 1 to 7<br />
<br />
Day 5<br />
Chapter 4 Forces<br />
Exercises 8 top 12<br />
Objective I and II<br />
<br />
Day 6<br />
Chapter 4 Forces<br />
Questions for short answer 1 to 10<br />
Concept Review<br />
Formula Review<br />
<br />
Day 7 to 10<br />
Chapter 4 Forces Revision<br />
<br />
Day 11 to 20<br />
Revision of all the four chapters completed so far. <br />
<br />
Don't waste the time available. Always use the time to revision the concepts, formulas, difficult problems and to do test paper questions. You have to sqeeze the time every day and use it in a focused way.<br />
<br />
Master each chapter as early as possible. That will give the energy to study one more chapter. Always feel happy after you do the planned work for a day. That will relax you. The feeling of happiness after you complete the day's task will relax you and make you feel energetic to eat and sleep and if some time is there to see the TV or read a paper or talk to your parents. It is important to focus, put in the required effort and then feel happy and relax every day.<br />
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<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
Concepts covered<br />
<br />
Force is an interaction between two objects. Force is exerted by an object A on another object B<br />
Force is a vector quantity.<br />
<br />
If more than one force act on a particle, we can find the resultant force using the laws of vector addition.<br />
<br />
Gravitational forces<br />
<br />
Any two bodies attract each other by virtue of their masses.<br />
<br />
The force of attraction between two point masses is<br />
<br />
F = G m1m2/r^2<br />
<br />
where m1 and m2 are the masses of the particles and r is the distance between them.<br />
<br />
G is a universal constant having the value 6.67 x 10^-11 N-m²/kg²<br />
<br />
Gravitational force on small bodies by the earth<br />
<br />
For earth, the value of radius R and mass M are 6400 km and 6 x 10^24 kg respectively.<br />
<br />
The quantity GM/r² is a constant and has the dimensions of acceleration. It is called acceleration due to gravity and is denoted by letter g.<br />
<br />
g and G are different. <br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>Electro magnetic force:</strong><br />
<br />
Apart from gravitational force between any two bodies, the particles may exert upon each other electromagnetic forces. <br />
<br />
If two particles hving charges q1 and q2 are at rest with respect to the observer, the force between them has a magnitude<br />
<br />
F = (1/4πε0)(q1q2/r^2)<br />
<br />
Where ε0 = permittivity of air or vacuum = 8.8549 x 10^-12 C² /N-m² <br />
The quantity (1/4πε0) = 9.0 x 10^9 N-m² /C² <br />
<br />
q1, q2 = charges<br />
r distance between q1 and q2<br />
<br />
This is called coulomb force and it acts along the line joining the particles.<br />
<br />
<strong>Force due to a spring</strong><br />
<br />
When a metallic wire is coiled it becomes a spring.<br />
<br />
when a spring is stretched, it pulls the bodies attached to its ends and when compressed, it pushes the bodies attached to its ends. the force exerted by thes spring is proportional to the change in its length.<br />
<br />
If the spring has natural length of x0 and if it is changed to x, the magnitude of force exerted by the spring will be<br />
<br />
f = k|x-x0| = k|Δx|<br />
<br />
If the spring is extended, the force will be directed towards its centre and it compressed, it will be directed away from its centre.<br />
<br />
Nuclear forces<br />
<br />
The alpha particles is a bare nucleus of Helium. It contains two protons and two neutrons. It is a stable object and once created it can remain intact until it is not made to interact with other objects.<br />
<br />
The protons in the nucleus will repel each other due to coulomb force and try to break the nucleus. Why does the Coulomb force fail to break the nucleus.<br />
<br />
There are forces called nucluear forces and they are exerted only if the interacting particles are protons or neutrons or both. They are largely atractive, but with a short range. They are weaker than the Coulomb force if the separation between particles is more than 10^-14 m. For separation smaller than this the nuclear force is stronger than the Coulomb force and it holds the nucleus stable.<br />
<br />
Radioactivity, nuclear energy (fission, fusion) etc. result from nuclear force.<br />
<br />
Weak Forces<br />
<br />
A neutron can change into proton and simulataneously emit an electron and a particle called antinutrino.<br />
<br />
a proton can also change into neutron and simulataneously emit a positron (and a neutrino). The forces responsible for these changes are called weak forces. The effect of this force is experienced inside protons and neutrons only.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scope of classical physics<br />
<br />
Physics based on Newton's Laws of motion, Newton's law of gravitation, Maxwell's electromagetism, laws of thermodynamics and the Lorentz force is called classical physics. The behaviour of all the bodies of linear sizes greater than 10^-6 m are adequately described by classical physics. Grains of sands and rain drops fall into this range as well as heavenly bodies.<br />
<br />
But sub atomic particles like atoms, nuclei, and electrons have sizes smaller than 10^-6 m and they are explained by quantum physics.<br />
<br />
The mechanics of particles moving at velocity equal to light are explained by relativistic mechanics formulated by Einstein in 1905.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://<a href="http://plasma4.sr.unh.edu/ng/phys407/phys407-6-22-05.pdf">plasma4.sr.unh.edu/ng/phys407/phys407-6-22-05.pdf</a><br />
<br />
Updated on 30 April 2017, 23 October 2007</div>
KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-68146584663425468502016-05-08T20:39:00.000-07:002016-05-08T10:18:24.632-07:00XI - 2.1 Scalars and Vectors - Mathematics for Physics - Video Lectures<br />
Scalars And Vectors Part 1 Physics Board video lecture By Rao IIT Academy<br />
Rao IIT Academy<br />
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Physics - Mechanics: Vectors (18 of 20) Product Of Vectors: Cross Product: Example 2<br />
Michel van Biezen<br />
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Physics Lecture - 9 - Vector Subtraction<br />
thenewboston<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lnUiwGGPv6E" width="640"></iframe>
_________________KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-75384149434739563342016-05-08T19:43:00.002-07:002016-05-08T19:43:41.225-07:00XI - 2.4 Multiplication of a vector by a number - Video Lectures<br />
<br />
Dot Product, Cross Product, and Multiplying Vectors by Scalars<br />
AK LECTURES<br />
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<strong>Addition of vectors</strong><br />
<br />
Magnitude of a<sup>v</sup>+b<sup>v</sup> = SQRT(a²+b²+ 2ab cos θ)<br />
<br />
The angle of the resultant with a<sup>v</sup> is α where<br />
tanα = b sin θ/(a+b cos θ)<br />
<br />
Interesting point to make note of:<br />
Two vectors having equal magnitudes of a make an angle θ with each other. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant(Resultant is output of the addition of two vectors.)<br />
<br />
Magnitude = 2a cos θ/2<br />
and<br />
tan α = a sin θ/(a + a cos θ) = (2asin(θ/2)cos(θ/2))/(2acos²(θ/2))<br />
= tan (θ/2)<br />
<br />
Example: Two vectors are of equal magnitude of 10 units. One of them is inclined at 45° to the X-axis and the other is inclined at 75° to the X-axis. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant with respect to X-axis.<br />
<br />
The angle between vectors is 30°.<br />
Hence magnitude of the resultant will be 20 cos 15°<br />
The direction - The resultant is inclined at 60° to the X axis.<br />
<br />
Physics Vector Addition (Algebraic)<br />
PhysicsEH<br />
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________________KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-41373416546293667442016-05-08T10:22:00.003-07:002016-05-08T10:22:49.627-07:00XI - 2.2 Equality of vectors - Video Lectures<br />
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_____________KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-16529838491821080032016-05-08T09:24:00.001-07:002016-05-08T09:24:05.820-07:00XII - 18.3 Relation between u,v and R for spherical mirrors - Video Lectures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
10 May<br />
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Ray Diagrams - Mirrors<br />
Bozeman Science<br />
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Relation Between Focal Length and Radius of Curvature Spherical mirror<br />
CBSE Video Tutorials Science and Math<br />
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KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-61911933837406129372016-05-08T09:13:00.001-07:002016-05-08T09:13:15.702-07:00XII - 18.2 Spherical mirrors - Video Lectures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
10 May<br />
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Reflection by Spherical Mirrors<br />
Educomp smartclassTab<br />
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Concave and Convex Mirror Ray Diagrams, Chapter 17 Review<br />
dcaulf<br />
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KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-87271300174085738542016-05-08T08:56:00.002-07:002016-05-08T08:56:57.913-07:00XII - 18.1 Reflection at smooth surfaces - Video Lectures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
10 May<br />
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Laws of Reflection<br />
Byju's<br />
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KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-56132043459255739102016-05-08T06:19:00.001-07:002016-05-08T06:19:50.707-07:00XII - 17. 16. Polarization of light - Video Lectures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
9 May<br />
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Polarization of light, linear and circular | Light waves | Physics | Khan Academy<br />
khanacademymedicine<br />
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KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-36261651803949909472016-05-05T10:21:00.002-07:002016-05-05T10:21:34.490-07:00XII - 17.12. Fraunhofer Diffraction by a circular aperture - Video Lectures<br />
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MITOpenCourseware<br />
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nptelhrdKVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-47322253400878705212016-05-05T10:15:00.002-07:002016-05-05T10:15:41.718-07:00XII - 17.11. Fraunhofer Diffraction by a single slit - Video Lectures<br />
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XII - 17.11. Fraunhofer Diffraction by a single slit - Video Lectures<br />
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AK LecturesKVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-6648179344943545872016-05-05T10:08:00.001-07:002016-05-05T10:08:19.453-07:00XII - 17.10. Diffraction of light - Video Lectures<br />
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XII - 17.10. Diffraction of light - Video Lectures<br />
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dave evansKVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-13537776338372993722016-05-03T18:07:00.000-07:002016-05-03T18:07:07.823-07:00XII - 17.9. coherent and incoherent sources Video Lectures<br />
XII - 17.9. coherent and incoherent sources Video Lectures<br />
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Physics Wave Optics - Coherent & incoherent source - CBSE class 12<br />
ExamFearVideos<br />
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___________________________KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-22707240283938858302016-05-03T18:02:00.002-07:002016-05-03T18:02:53.751-07:00XII - 17.8. Fresnel's Biprism -Video Lectures<br />
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XII - 17.8. Fresnel's Biprism -Video Lectures<br />
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IIT JEE Physics ( Fresnel's biprism )<br />
Collegepedia.in<br />
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Class 12 Physics Online Lecture | Interference | Fresnal's Biprism as a Limiting Case of YDSE<br />
Physics Galaxy<br />
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___________________KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-74124276543467259612016-05-03T17:57:00.001-07:002016-05-03T17:57:17.684-07:00XII - 17.7. Interference from thin films - Video Lectures<br />
XII - 17.7. Interference from thin films - Video Lectures<br />
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Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture DemonstrationsKVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-27097100539920304392016-05-03T17:36:00.000-07:002016-05-03T17:36:06.800-07:00XII - 17.6. Optical path - Video Lectures<br />
XII - 17.6. Optical path - Video Lectures<br />
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Jamie Althoff OD<br />
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Jumeirah College ScienceKVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-90679980444810074612016-05-02T15:42:00.001-07:002016-05-02T15:42:24.458-07:00XII - 17.5. Young's double slit experiment- Video Lectures<br />
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XII -<br />
17.5. Young's double slit experiment- Video Lectures<br />
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ExamFearVideosKVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-48086837967918160972016-05-02T14:36:00.003-07:002016-05-02T14:44:51.972-07:00XI - 1.7 Order of magnitude - Video Lectures<br />
Class XI -<br />
<br />
1.7 Order of magnitude - Video Lectures<br />
<br />
Order of magnitude<br />
<br />
Convert the number into 1*10^c form.<br />
First convert the number into a*10^b form in this case 1≤a<10 an="" and="" b="" br="" integer.="" is="">If a is less than or equal to 5 assume it is one and if a is greater than 5 assume it is 10 and convert the number into 1*10^c form.<br /><br />Then c is the order of magnitude of the number.</10><br />
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H.C. Verma Physics Chapter 1 Problems and Solutions<br />
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Omega Open CourseKVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-67027196089105082132016-05-02T01:38:00.003-07:002016-05-02T01:38:34.186-07:00XII - 17.3. Huygen's principles - Video Lectures<br />
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MindsetLearn<br />
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<a href="http://iit-jee-physics.blogspot.com/2008/04/concept-review-ch-17-light-waves.html" target="_blank">http://iit-jee-physics.blogspot.com/2008/04/concept-review-ch-17-light-waves.html</a>KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-7445962539416781232016-05-01T23:56:00.000-07:002016-05-01T06:38:59.014-07:00CBSE 2010 Class XI (2008-09) SyllabusPHYSICS (Code No. 042)<br />
<br />
Senior Secondary stage of school education is a stage of transition from general<br />
education to discipline-based focus on curriculum. The present updated syllabus keeps<br />
in view the rigour and depth of disciplinary approach as well as the comprehension<br />
level of learners. Due care has also been taken that the syllabus is not heavy and is at<br />
the same time, comparable to the international standards. Salient features of the syllabus<br />
include:<br />
_ Emphasis on basic conceptual understanding of the content.<br />
_ Emphasis on use of SI units, symbols, nomenclature of physical quantities and<br />
formulations as per international standards.<br />
_ Providing logical sequencing of units of the subject matter and proper placement of<br />
concepts with their linkage for better learning.<br />
_ Reducing the curriculum load by eliminating overlapping of concepts/ content within<br />
the discipline and other disciplines.<br />
_ Promotion of process-skills, problem-solving abilities and applications of Physics<br />
concepts.<br />
<br />
Besides, the syllabus also attempts to<br />
_ strengthen the concepts developed at the secondary stage to provide firm foundation<br />
for further learning in the subject.<br />
_ expose the learners to different processes used in Physics-related industrial and<br />
technological applications.<br />
_ develop process-skills and experimental, observational, manipulative, decision<br />
making and investigatory skills in the learners.<br />
_ promote problem solving abilities and creative thinking in learners.<br />
_ develop conceptual competence in the learners and make them realize and appreciate<br />
the interface of Physics with other disciplines.<br />
<br />
<br />
COURSE STRUCTURE<br />
<br />
Class XI (Theory)<br />
One Paper Three Hours Max Marks: 70<br />
Class XI Weightage<br />
Unit I Physical World & Measurement 03<br />
Unit II Kinematics 10<br />
Unit III Laws of Motion 10<br />
Unit IV Work, Energy & Power 06<br />
Unit V Motion of System of particles & Rigid Body 06<br />
Unit VI Gravitation 05<br />
Unit VII Properties of Bulk Matter 10<br />
Unit VIII Thermodynamics 05<br />
Unit XI Behaviour of Perfect Gas & Kinetic Theory of gases 05<br />
Unit X Oscillations & Waves 10<br />
Total 70<br />
<br />
Unit I: Physical World and Measurement (periods 10)<br />
<br />
Physics - scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology and society.<br />
Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental<br />
and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of<br />
measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures.<br />
Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.<br />
<br />
Unit II: Kinematics (Periods 30)<br />
<br />
Frame of reference. Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity.<br />
Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity.<br />
Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).<br />
Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion.<br />
Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors and<br />
notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and<br />
subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity.<br />
Unit vector; Resolution of a vector in a plane - rectangular components. Motion in a<br />
plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion. Uniform<br />
circular motion.<br />
<br />
Unit III: Laws of Motion (Periods 16)<br />
<br />
Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.<br />
Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.<br />
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular motion<br />
(vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road).<br />
<br />
Unit IV: Work, Energy and Power (Periods 16)<br />
<br />
Scalar product of vectors. Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic<br />
energy, work-energy theorem, power.<br />
Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces: conservation<br />
of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces: elastic<br />
and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.<br />
<br />
Unit V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body (Periods 18)<br />
<br />
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conversation and centre of mass<br />
motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod.<br />
Vector product of vectors; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation<br />
of angular momentum with some examples.<br />
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion,<br />
comparison of linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration.<br />
Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of<br />
parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.<br />
<br />
Unit VI: Gravitation (Periods 14)<br />
<br />
Keplar’s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation.<br />
Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.<br />
Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity. Orbital velocity<br />
of a satellite. Geo-stationary satellites.<br />
<br />
Unit VII: Properties of Bulk Matter (Periods 28)<br />
<br />
Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear, modulus of rigidity.<br />
Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes). Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.<br />
Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline and turbulent<br />
flow. Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.<br />
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.<br />
Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat - calorimetry; change of state - latent heat.<br />
Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity, Newton’s law of cooling.<br />
<br />
Unit VIII: Thermodynamics (Periods 12)<br />
<br />
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics). Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics.<br />
Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and<br />
refrigerators.<br />
<br />
Unit IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory (Periods 8)<br />
<br />
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas.<br />
Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; rms speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heats of gases; concept of mean free path, Avogadro’s number.<br />
<br />
Unit X: Oscillations and Waves (Periods 28)<br />
<br />
Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions.<br />
Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring–restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M.-kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum–derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance.<br />
Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement<br />
relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves,<br />
standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats,<br />
Doppler effect.<br />
<br />
Practicals<br />
Note: Every student will perform 10 experiments (5 from each section) and 8 activities (4<br />
from each section) during the academic year.<br />
Two demonstration experiments must be performed by the teacher with participation of<br />
students. The students will maintain a record of these demonstration experiments. Schools are advised to see the guidelines for evaluation in practicals for Class XII. Similar pattern may the followed for Class XI.<br />
<br />
SECTION A<br />
Experiments<br />
1. Use of Vernier Callipers<br />
(i) to measure diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body.<br />
(ii) to measure dimensions of a given regular body of known mass and hence find its<br />
density.<br />
(iii) to measure internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter and hence<br />
find its volume.<br />
2. Use of screw gauge<br />
(i) to measure diameter of a given wire, (ii) to measure thickness of a given sheet<br />
(iii) to measure volume of an irregular lamina<br />
3. To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer.<br />
4. To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of vectors.<br />
5. Using a simple pendulum, plot L-T and L-T2 graphs. Hence find the effective length of<br />
second’s pendulum using appropriate graph.<br />
6. To study the relationship between force of limiting friction and normal reaction and to find co-efficient of friction between a block and a horizontal surface.<br />
7. To find the downward force, along an inclined plane, acting on a roller due to gravitational pull of the earth and study its relationship with the angle of inclination by plotting graph between force and sin.<br />
<br />
Activities<br />
<br />
1. To make a paper scale of given least count, e.g. 0.2cm, 0.5cm.<br />
2. To determine mass of a given body using a metre scale by principle of moments.<br />
3. To plot a graph for a given set of data, with proper choice of scales and error bars.<br />
4. To measure the force of limiting friction for rolling of a roller on a horizontal plane.<br />
5. To study the variation in range of a jet of water with angle of projection.<br />
6. To study the conservation of energy of a ball rolling down on inclined plane (using a<br />
double inclined plane).<br />
7. To study dissipation of energy of a simple pendulum by plotting a graph between square of amplitude and time.<br />
<br />
SECTION B<br />
<br />
Experiments<br />
<br />
1. To determine Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire.<br />
2. To find the force constant of a helical spring by plotting graph between load and extension.<br />
3. To study the variation in volume with pressure for a sample of air at constant temperature by plotting graphs between P and V, and between P and I/V.<br />
4. To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise method.<br />
5. To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body.<br />
6. To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting a<br />
cooling curve.<br />
7. (i) To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under constant<br />
tension using sonometer.<br />
(ii) To study the relation between the length of a given wire and tension for constant<br />
frequency using sonometer.<br />
8. To find the speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube by two resonance positions.<br />
9. To determine specific heat of a given (i) solid (ii) liquid, by method of mixtures.<br />
<br />
Activities<br />
<br />
1. To observe change of state and plot a cooling curve for molten wax.<br />
2. To observe and explain the effect of heating on a bi-metallic strip.<br />
3. To note the change in level of liquid in a container on heating and interpret the observations.<br />
4. To study the effect of detergent on surface tension by observing capillary rise.<br />
5. To study the factors affecting the rate of loss of heat of a liquid.<br />
6. To study the effect of load on depression of a suitably clamped metre scale loaded<br />
(i) at its end (ii) in the middle.<br />
<br />
Recommended Textbooks.<br />
<br />
1. Physics Part-I, Textbook for Class XI, Published by NCERT<br />
2 . Physics Part-II, Textbook for Class XI, Published by NCERT<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Syllabus 2016 download<br />
<br />
CLASS XI (THEORY)<br />
(Total Periods: 180)<br />
Unit I: Physical World and Measurement (Periods 10)<br />
Physics: Scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology and society.<br />
Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived<br />
units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in<br />
measurement; significant figures.<br />
Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.<br />
Unit II: Kinematics (Periods 30)<br />
Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and<br />
non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocitytime<br />
and position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).<br />
Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Scalar and vector<br />
quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication<br />
of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity.<br />
Unit vectors. Resolution of a vector in a plane – rectangular components.<br />
Scalar and Vector products of Vectors. Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform<br />
acceleration – projectile motion. Uniform circular motion.<br />
Unit III: Laws of Motion (Periods 16)<br />
Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second<br />
law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its<br />
applications.<br />
Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.<br />
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on<br />
level circular road, vehicle on banked road).<br />
Unit IV: Work, Energy and Power (Periods 16)<br />
Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.<br />
Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical<br />
energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle, elastic and<br />
inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.<br />
Unit V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body (Periods 18)<br />
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre<br />
of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod.<br />
Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some<br />
examples.<br />
4<br />
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear<br />
and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects<br />
(no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.<br />
Unit VI: Gravitation (Periods 14)<br />
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its<br />
variation with altitude and depth.<br />
Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite.<br />
Geostationary satellites.<br />
Unit VII: Properties of Bulk Matter (Periods 28)<br />
Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear,<br />
modulus of rigidity, poisson’s ratio; elastic energy.<br />
Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes).<br />
Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.<br />
Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline and turbulent flow. Critical<br />
velocity, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.<br />
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface tension<br />
ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.<br />
Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. Anomalous<br />
expansion. Specific heat capacity: Cp<br />
, Cv<br />
– calorimetry; change of state – latent heat.<br />
Heat transfer – conduction and thermal conductivity, convection and radiation. Qualitative ideas of<br />
Black Body Radiation, Wein’s displacement law, and Green House effect.<br />
Newton’s law of cooling and Stefan’s law.<br />
Unit VIII: Thermodynamics (Periods 12)<br />
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of Thermodynamics). Heat, work and<br />
internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes.<br />
Second law of thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators.<br />
Unit IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory (Periods 8)<br />
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas.<br />
Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; rms<br />
speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application<br />
to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path, Avogadro’s number.<br />
Unit X: Oscillations and Waves (Periods 28)<br />
Periodic motion – period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple<br />
harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring – restoring force and force constant;<br />
energy in SHM – kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum – derivation of expression for its time<br />
period; free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance.<br />
Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a<br />
progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and<br />
organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats. Doppler effect.<br />
5<br />
PRACTICALS<br />
Total Periods 60<br />
Section A<br />
Experiments<br />
1. To measure diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body using Vernier callipers.<br />
2. To measure internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using Vernier callipers and<br />
hence find its volume.<br />
3. To measure diameter of a given wire using screw gauge.<br />
4. To measure thickness of a given sheet using screw gauge.<br />
5. To measure volume of an irregular lamina using screw gauge.<br />
6. To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer.<br />
7. To determine the mass of two different objects using a beam balance.<br />
8. To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of vectors.<br />
9. Using a simple pendulum, plot L-T and L-T2<br />
graphs. Hence find the effective length of a second’s<br />
pendulum using appropriate graph.<br />
10. To study the relationship between force of limiting friction and normal reaction and to find the<br />
coefficient of friction between a block and a horizontal surface.<br />
11. To find the downward force, along an inclined plane, acting on a roller due to gravitational pull of<br />
the earth and study its relationship with the angle of inclination (θ) by plotting graph between force<br />
and sin θ.<br />
Activities<br />
1. To make a paper scale of given least count, e.g. 0.2 cm, 0.5 cm.<br />
2. To determine mass of a given body using a metre scale by principle of moments.<br />
3. To plot a graph for a given set of data, with proper choice of scales and error bars.<br />
4. To measure the force of limiting friction for rolling of a roller on a horizontal plane.<br />
5. To study the variation in the range of a jet of water with the angle of projection.<br />
6. To study the conservation of energy of a ball rolling down on inclined plane (using a double<br />
inclined plane).<br />
7. To study dissipation of energy of a simple pendulum by plotting a graph between square of<br />
amplitude and time.KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-43110340528037189042016-05-01T23:47:00.000-07:002016-05-01T06:40:08.893-07:00CBSE Syllabus Physics - Class 12Unit I Electrostatics <br />
Unit II Current Electricity <br />
Unit III Magnetic effect of current & Magnetism <br />
Unit IV Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating current <br />
Unit V Electromagnetic Waves <br />
Unit VI Optics <br />
Unit VII Dual Nature of Matter <br />
Unit VIII Atoms and Nuclei <br />
Unit IX Electronic Devices <br />
Unit X Communication Systems <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Unit I: Electrostatics (Periods 25)<br />
Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.<br />
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.<br />
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).<br />
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.<br />
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor. Van de Graaff generator.<br />
<br />
Unit II: Current Electricity (Periods 22)<br />
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.<br />
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.<br />
Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.<br />
Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.<br />
<br />
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism (Periods 25)<br />
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment.<br />
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.<br />
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids.<br />
Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.<br />
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.<br />
<br />
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.<br />
Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.<br />
<br />
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents (Periods 20)<br />
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents.<br />
Self and mutual inductance.<br />
Need for displacement current.<br />
Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance;<br />
LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattless current.<br />
AC generator and transformer.<br />
<br />
Unit V: Electromagnetic waves (Periods 4)<br />
Displacement current, Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only).<br />
Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.<br />
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.<br />
<br />
Unit VI: Optics (Periods 30)<br />
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.<br />
Scattering of light - blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.<br />
Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia and astigmatism) using lenses. Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.<br />
Wave optics: wave front and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle.<br />
Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarised light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.<br />
<br />
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation (Periods 8)<br />
<br />
Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s<br />
photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.<br />
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment.<br />
<br />
Unit VIII: Atoms & Nuclei (Periods 18)<br />
<br />
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.<br />
Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivityalpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law.<br />
Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with<br />
mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion.<br />
<br />
Unit IX: Electronic Devices (Periods 18)<br />
<br />
Semiconductors; semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.<br />
<br />
Unit X: Communication Systems (Periods 10)<br />
<br />
Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave.<br />
<br />
Practicals<br />
Every student will perform 10 experiments (5 from each section) & 8 activities (4 from each section) during the academic year. Two demonstration experiments must be performed by the teacher with participation of students. The students will maintain a record of these demonstration experiments.<br />
<br />
SECTION A<br />
Experiments<br />
1. To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus current.<br />
2. To find resistance of a given wire using metre bridge and hence determine the specific<br />
resistance of its material.<br />
3. To verify the laws of combination (series/parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.<br />
4. To compare the emf of two given primary cells using potentiometer.<br />
5. To determine the internal resistance of given primary cell using potentiometer.<br />
6. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.<br />
7. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter and voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.<br />
8. To find the frequency of the a.c. mains with a sonometer.<br />
<br />
Activities<br />
1. To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core.<br />
2. To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of a given<br />
circuit using multimeter.<br />
3. To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse<br />
and a power source.<br />
4. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.<br />
5. To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.<br />
6. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.<br />
<br />
SECTION B<br />
<br />
Experiments<br />
1. To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length.<br />
2. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between l/u and l/v.<br />
3. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.<br />
4. To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.<br />
5. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.<br />
6. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.<br />
7. To find refractive index of a liquid by using (i) concave mirror, (ii) convex lens and plane mirror.<br />
8. To draw the I-V characteristic curve of a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias.<br />
9. To draw the characteristic curve of a zener diode and to determine its reverse break<br />
down voltage.<br />
10. To study the characteristics of a common - emitter npn or pnp transistor and to find<br />
out the values of current and voltage gains.<br />
<br />
Activities<br />
1. To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an L.D.R.<br />
2. To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, and IC, a resistor and a capacitor from mixed<br />
collection of such items.<br />
3. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of transistor. (ii) distinguish between npn and pnp type transistors. (iii) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED.<br />
(iv) check whether a given electronic component (e.g. diode, transistor or I C) is in working order.<br />
4. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.<br />
5. To observe polarization of light using two Polaroids.<br />
6. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.<br />
7. To study the nature and size of the image formed by (i) convex lens (ii) concave mirror, on<br />
a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens/mirror).<br />
8. To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses.<br />
<br />
B. Evaluation Scheme for Practical Examination:<br />
_ One experiment from any one section 8 Marks<br />
_ Two activities (one from each section) (4+4) 8 Marks<br />
_ Practical record (experiments & activities) 6 Marks<br />
_ Record of demonstration experiments & Viva based on these experiments 3 Marks<br />
_ Viva on experiments & activities 5 Marks<br />
Total 30 Marks<br />
Recommended Textbooks.<br />
1. Physics Part-I, Textbook for XII, Published by NCERT<br />
2. Physics Part-II, Textbook for XII, Published by NCERT<br />
<br />
<br />
Source: http://www.cbse.nic.in/welcome.htm<br />
<br />
Downloaded 1 May 2016<br />
<br />
CLASS XII (THEORY)<br />
(Total Periods: 180)<br />
Unit I: Electrostatics (Periods 25)<br />
Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law – force between two point charges, forces<br />
between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.<br />
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to<br />
a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.<br />
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long<br />
straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside<br />
and outside).<br />
7<br />
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of<br />
charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric<br />
dipoles in an electrostatic field.<br />
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric<br />
polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance<br />
of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a<br />
capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.<br />
Unit II: Current Electricity (Periods 22)<br />
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their<br />
relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear),<br />
electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.<br />
Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors;<br />
temperature dependence of resistance.<br />
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in<br />
parallel.<br />
Kirchhoff ’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.<br />
Potentiometer – principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of<br />
two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.<br />
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism (Periods 25)<br />
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot - Savart law and its application to current<br />
carrying circular loop.<br />
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids. Force<br />
on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.<br />
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel currentcarrying<br />
conductors – definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field;<br />
moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.<br />
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a<br />
revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and<br />
perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet<br />
as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.<br />
Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples.<br />
Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.<br />
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents<br />
(Periods 20)<br />
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self<br />
and mutual inductance.<br />
Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC<br />
oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattless<br />
current.<br />
AC generator and transformer.<br />
8<br />
Unit V: Electromagnetic Waves (Periods 4)<br />
Need for displacement current.<br />
Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of<br />
electromagnetic waves.<br />
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma<br />
rays) including elementary facts about their uses.<br />
Unit VI: Optics (Periods 30)<br />
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its<br />
applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker’s formula.<br />
Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror.<br />
Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.<br />
Scattering of light – blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.<br />
Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects<br />
(myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses.<br />
Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.<br />
Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane<br />
surface using wavefronts.<br />
Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle.<br />
Interference, Young’s double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and<br />
sustained interference of light.<br />
Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.<br />
Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarised light;<br />
Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.<br />
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation (Periods 8)<br />
Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation – particle<br />
nature of light.<br />
Matter waves – wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment<br />
(experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained.)<br />
Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei (Periods 18)<br />
Alpha - particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels,<br />
hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.<br />
Radioactivity – alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law.<br />
Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear<br />
fission and fusion.<br />
Unit IX: Electronic Devices (Periods 18)<br />
Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors;<br />
semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics<br />
of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor,<br />
9<br />
transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration)<br />
and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.<br />
Unit X: Communication Systems (Periods 10)<br />
Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and<br />
digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere,<br />
sky and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated<br />
wave.<br />
Practicals<br />
Total Periods 60<br />
Section A<br />
Experiments<br />
1. To find resistance of a given wire using metre bridge and hence determine the specific resistance<br />
of its material.<br />
2. To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus<br />
current.<br />
3. To verify the laws of combination (series/parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.<br />
4. To compare the emf ’s of two given primary cells using potentiometer.<br />
5. To determine the internal resistance of given primary cell using potentiometer.<br />
6. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure of<br />
merit.<br />
7. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance of figure of merit) into an ammeter and<br />
voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.<br />
8. To find the frequency of the ac mains with a sonometer.<br />
Activities<br />
1. To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core.<br />
2. To measure resistance, voltage (ac/dc), current (ac) and check continuity of a given circuit using<br />
multimeter.<br />
3. To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a<br />
power source.<br />
4. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.<br />
5. To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.<br />
6. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key,<br />
ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct<br />
the circuit and also the circuit diagram.<br />
10<br />
Section B<br />
Experiments<br />
1. To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal<br />
length.<br />
2. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.<br />
3. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and<br />
1/v.<br />
4. To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.<br />
5. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between the angle<br />
of incidence and the angle of deviation.<br />
6. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.<br />
7. To find refractive index of a liquid by using (i) concave mirror, (ii) convex lens and plane mirror.<br />
8. To draw the I-V characteristics curves of a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias.<br />
9. To draw the characteristics curve of a zener diode and to determine its reverse break down<br />
voltage.<br />
10. To study the characteristics of a common-emitter npn or pnp transistor and to find out the values<br />
of current and voltage gains.<br />
Activities<br />
1. To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, and IC, a resistor and a capacitor from mixed collection<br />
of such items.<br />
2. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of transistor, (ii) distinguish between npn and pnp type<br />
transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED, (iv) check<br />
whether a given electronic component (e.g. diode, transistor or IC) is in working order.<br />
3. To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR.<br />
4. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.<br />
5. To observe polarization of light using two polaroids.<br />
6. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.<br />
7. To study the nature and size of the image formed by (i) convex lens (ii) concave mirror, on a<br />
screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens/mirror).<br />
8. To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set<br />
of lenses.KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-2090554990209937512016-05-01T21:19:00.001-07:002016-05-01T07:33:33.782-07:00Study guide H C Verma JEE Physics Ch. 18 GEOMETRICAL OPTICSJEE syllabus<br />
<br />
Optics: Rectilinear propagation of light; Reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces; Total internal reflection; Deviation and dispersion of light by a prism; Thin lenses; Combinations of mirrors and thin lenses; Magnification. <br />
<br />
----------<br />
1. Reflection at smooth surfaces<br />
5. Refraction at plane surfaces<br />
6. Critical angle<br />
8. Prism<br />
9. Refraction at spherical surfaces;<br />
10. refraction through thin lenses <br />
<br />
-----------<br />
Sections in Chapter 18 of HV Verma - Geometrical Optics<br />
<br />
18.1 reflection at smooth surfaces<br />
18.2 Spherical mirrors<br />
18.3 Relation between u,v and R for spherical mirrors<br />
18.4 extended objects and magnification<br />
18.5 Refraction at plane surfaces<br />
18.6 Critical angle<br />
18.7 Optical fibre<br />
18.8 Prism<br />
18.9 Refraction at spherical surfaces<br />
18.10 extended objects - laterial magnification<br />
18.11 Refraction through thin lenses<br />
18.12 Lens maker's formula and lens formula<br />
18.13 Extended objects: Lateral magninification<br />
18.14 Power of a lens<br />
18.15 thin lenses in contact<br />
18.16 two thin lenses separated by a distance<br />
18.17 defects of images<br />
<br />
<br />
Study Plan<br />
<br />
Day 1<br />
<br />
18.1 Reflection at smooth surfaces<br />
18.2 Spherical mirrors<br />
18.3 Relation between u,v and R for spherical mirrors<br />
<br />
Example 18.1 <br />
<br />
Day 2<br />
<br />
18.4 extended objects and magnification<br />
18.5 Refraction at plane surfaces<br />
18.6 Critical angle<br />
<br />
Examples 18. 2,18.3, 18.4<br />
<br />
<br />
Day 3<br />
<br />
18.7 Optical fibre<br />
18.8 Prism<br />
18.9 Refraction at spherical surfaces<br />
<br />
Examples 18.5 to 8<br />
Exercises<br />
1-5<br />
<br />
Day 4<br />
<br />
18.10 extended objects - laterial magnification<br />
18.11 Refraction through thin lenses<br />
<br />
Examples 18.9 to 12<br />
Exercises<br />
6-10<br />
<br />
<br />
Day 5<br />
<br />
18.12 Lens maker's formula and lens formula<br />
18.13 Extended objects: Lateral magninification<br />
18.14 Power of a lens<br />
<br />
Examples 18.13 to 16<br />
Exercises<br />
11-15<br />
<br />
Day 5<br />
<br />
18.15 thin lenses in contact<br />
18.16 two thin lenses separated by a distance<br />
18.17 defects of images<br />
<br />
Examples 18.17 to 20<br />
Exercises<br />
16-20<br />
<br />
Day 6<br />
<br />
Examples 18.17 to 28<br />
Exercises 16-25<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Day 7<br />
<br />
<br />
Exercises 26-45<br />
<br />
Day 8<br />
Exercises<br />
46-55<br />
<br />
<br />
Day 9<br />
<br />
Exercises 56 to 65<br />
<br />
<br />
Day 10<br />
<br />
Exercises 66 to 70<br />
<br />
Day 11<br />
Exercises 71 to 75<br />
<br />
Day 12<br />
Exercises 76 to 79<br />
<br />
Day 13<br />
Objective I 1 to 18<br />
<br />
Day 14<br />
Objective II 1 to 7<br />
<br />
Day 15<br />
Questions for short answer 1 to 19<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------------<br />
Audiovisual lectures<br />
<br />
Lesson 48: Reflection and Refraction <br />
www.curriki.org/nroc/Introductory_Physics_2/lesson48/Container.html<br />
<br />
Lesson 49: Mirrorswww.curriki.org/nroc/Introductory_Physics_2/lesson49/Container.html<br />
<br />
Lesson 50: Lenses <br />
www.curriki.org/nroc/Introductory_Physics_2/lesson50/Container.html<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
JEE Question 2007 Paper I<br />
<br />
In an experiment to determine the focal length (f) of a concave mirror by the u–v method, a student places the object pin A on the principal axis at a distance x from the pole P. The student looks at the pin and its inverted image from a distance keeping his/her eye in line with PA. When the student shifts his/her eye towards left, the image appears to the right of the object pin. Then,<br />
<br />
(A) x < f (B) f < x < 2f (C) x = 2f (D) x > 2f<br />
<br />
Sol: Ans [B] <br />
<br />
Image is between object and eye. So object is within focus of mirror.<br />
---------------------------------<br />
<br />
JEE Question 2007 Paper I<br />
<br />
STATEMENT-1<br />
<br />
The formula connecting u, v and f for a spherical mirror is valid only for mirrors whose sizes are very small compared to their radii of curvature.<br />
<br />
because<br />
<br />
STATEMENT-2<br />
<br />
Laws of reflection are strictly valid for plane surfaces, but not for large spherical surfaces<br />
<br />
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1<br />
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1<br />
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False<br />
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True<br />
<br />
Correct choice: C<br />
<br />
Laws of reflection are valid for any kind of reflecting surface.<br />
--------------------<br />
<br />
JEE 2006<br />
<br />
A point object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a thin plano-convex lens of focal length 15 cm. If the plane surface is silvered, the image will form at<br />
<br />
(A) 60 cm left of AB (B) 30 cm left of AB<br />
(C) 12 cm left of AB (D) 60 cm right of AB<br />
<br />
Answer: C<br />
<br />
----------------------------------<br />
<br />
JEE 2006<br />
<br />
A biconvex lens of focal length f forms a circular image of sun of radius r in focal plane. Then<br />
(A) πr² α f <br />
(B) πr² α f²<br />
(C) if lower half part is covered by black sheet, then area of the image is equal to πr²/2<br />
(D) if f is doubled, intensity will increase<br />
<br />
Answer: B<br />
------------------------------<br />
<br />
Updated 1 May 2016, 23 Oct 2007KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3795558062029585416.post-35668350376417086202016-05-01T21:19:00.000-07:002016-05-01T07:20:11.872-07:00Study guide H C Verma JEE Physics Ch. 17 LIGHT WAVESJEE Syllabus<br />
<br />
Wave nature of light: <br />
Huygen’s principle, <br />
interference limited to Young’s double-slit experiment.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
1. Waves or Particles<br />
2. The nature of light waves<br />
3. Huygen's principles<br />
4. Young's double hole experiment<br />
5. Young's double slit experiment<br />
6. Optical path<br />
7. Interference from thin films<br />
Fresnel's Biprism<br />
9. coherent and incoherent sources<br />
10. Diffreaction of light<br />
11. Fraunhofer Diffraction by a single slit<br />
12.Fraunhofer Diffraction by a circular aperture<br />
13.Fresnel diffraction at a straight edge<br />
14.Limit of resolution<br />
15.scattering of light<br />
16. Polarization of light<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
Study Plan<br />
Day 1<br />
1. Waves or Particles<br />
2. The nature of light waves<br />
<br />
Day 2<br />
3. Huygen's principles<br />
Worked out examples 1,2<br />
<br />
Day 3<br />
4. Young's double hole experiment<br />
5. Young's double slit experiment<br />
Day 4<br />
6. Optical path<br />
7. Interference from thin films<br />
8. Fresnel's Biprism<br />
9. coherent and incoherent sources<br />
<br />
Day 5<br />
WOE 3 to 7<br />
Exerciese 1 to 5<br />
<br />
Day 6<br />
10. Diffraction of light<br />
11. Fraunhofer Diffraction by a single slit<br />
12.Fraunhofer Diffraction by a circular aperture<br />
<br />
Day 7<br />
13.Fresnel diffraction at a straight edge<br />
14.Limit of resolution<br />
15.scattering of light<br />
<br />
Day 8<br />
WoE 8 to 11<br />
Exercises 6 to 10<br />
<br />
Day 9<br />
16. Polarization of light<br />
Exercises 11 to 25<br />
<br />
Day 10<br />
Exercises 26 to 35<br />
<br />
Day 11<br />
Exercises 36 to 41<br />
<br />
<br />
Day 12<br />
Objective I 1 to 17<br />
<br />
<br />
Day 13<br />
Objective II 1 to 10<br />
<br />
<br />
Day 14<br />
Questions for short answer 1 to 11<br />
Concept review - Formula review<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------<br />
Concepts covered<br />
<br />
<br />
2. The nature of light waves<br />
<br />
In a wave motion, there is some quantity which changes its value with time and space.<br />
<br />
That quantity is the electric field existing in space where light travels.<br />
<br />
The electric field is transverse to to the direction of propagation of light.<br />
The equation of such light wave may be written as<br />
<br />
E - E<sub>0</sub> sin ω(t-x/v)<br />
<br />
Light of single wavelength is called monochromatic light.<br />
<br />
Huygen's principle<br />
<br />
Various points of an arbitrary surface, when reached by a wave front, become secondary sources of light emitting secondary wavelets. The disturbance beyond the surface results from the superposition of these secondary wavelets.<br />
<br />
Updated 1 May 2016, 23 Oct 2007KVSSNraohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05748254811752425330noreply@blogger.com0